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Beck, Kent. Extreme Programming Explained: Embrace Change. Addison-Wesley Longman, 1999. Bloch, Joshua. Effective Java Programming Language Guide. Addison-Wesley, 2001. A thorough treatise on Java programming idioms. Fowler, Martin, et al. Refactoring: Improving the Design of Existing Code. Addison-Wesley, 1999. Gamma, Erich et al. Design Patterns. Addison-Wesley, 1995. The Gang of Four book. Graham, Steve, ed., et al. BuildingWeb Services with Java: Making Sense of XML, SOAP, WSDL, and UDDI. Sams, 2001. Hightower, Richard, and Nicholas Lesiecki. Java Tools for Extreme Programming: Mastering Open Source Tools, including Ant, JUnit, and Cactus. John Wiley & Sons, 2001. An excellent introduction to the tools used by Java developers. Erik contributed a case study on HttpUnit. Hunt, Andrew, and David Thomas. The Pragmatic Programmer: From Journeyman to Master. Addison-Wesley, 2000. A must-read for all developers. Jeffries, Ron, et al. Extreme Programming Installed. Addison-Wesley, 2000. Krutchen, Philippe. The Rational Unified Process: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley, 1999. Roman, Ed, et al. Mastering Enterprise JavaBeans, 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2002. Wesley, Ajamu A. Programming Web Services with Java. Manning Publications, 2002. Vermeulen, Al, ed., et al. The Elements of Java Style. Cambridge University Press, 2000.

} catch (BusinessException e) { ... // Forward to appropriate error page } }

Almaer, Dion. Using XDoclet: Developing EJBs with Just the Bean Class. 2002. http://www.onjava.com/pub/a/onjava/2002/01/30/xdoclet.html Ambler, Scott. The Enterprise Unified Process. Integrating deployment with the iterative development stage. 2001. http://www.ronin-intl.com/publications/unifiedProcess.htm AntFAQ. Frequently Asked Questions about Ants. 2000. http://www.antcolony.org/FAQ2.htm Bray, Tim. The Annotated XML Specification. 1998. If you have to read the XML specification, this is the version to read. http://www.xml.com/axml/testaxml.htm Dorigo. 2000 http://iridia.ulb.ac.be/~mdorigo/ACO/RealAnts.html. Fielding, Roy Thomas. Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, 2000. http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/top.htm Fowler, Martin and Matthew Foemmel. Continuous Integration. 2000. http://www.martinfowler.com/articles/continuousIntegration.html Free Software Foundation. GNU Make Manual. http://www.gnu.org/manual/make/index.html Hatcher, Erik. Automating the build and test process. 2001. http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/java/library/j-junitmail/ Koeritz, Chris. Clam. 2001. http://www.gruntose.com/build/clam/manual/clam_root.html Liang, Sheng. The Java Native Interface Programmer s Guide and Specification. 1999. http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jni/ Loughran, Steve. Ant in Anger: Using Ant in a Production Environment. Apache. 2000. http://jakarta.apache.org/ant/ant_in_anger.html Loughran, Steve. When Web Services Go Bad,. Web Services Developer s Conference. 2002 (1). http://www.iseran.com/Steve/papers.html Loughran, Steve. Making Web Services that Work. To be published as an HP Laboratories Technical Report. 2002 (2). http://www.iseran.com/Steve/papers.html Neward, Ted. Understanding Class.forName (). 2000. This explains why extension libraries confuse programs. http://www.develop.com/ Neward, Ted. (2001) X-Power: Use XML to Write Papers. http://www.javageeks.com/Papers/PapersXSLFO/

The controller is now completely unaware of any business logic it doesn t even know whether the new bid must be higher or lower than the last one. You have encapsulated all business logic in the domain model and can now test the business logic as an isolated unit without any dependency on actions, pageflow, persistence, or other infrastructure code (by calling the Item.placeBid() in a unit test). You can even design a different pageflow by catching and forwarding specific exceptions. The BusinessException is a declared and checked exception, so you have to handle it in the controller in some way. It s up to you if you want to roll back the transaction in this case, or if you have a chance to recover in some way. However, always consider the state of your persistence context when handling exceptions: There may be unflushed modifications from a previous attempt present when you reuse the same Session after an application exception. (Of course, you can never reuse a Session that has thrown a fatal runtime exception.) The safe way is to always roll back the database transaction on any exception and to retry with a fresh Session. The action code looks good already. You should try to keep your architecture simple; isolating exception and transaction handling and extracting business logic can make a significant difference. However, the action code is now bound to Hibernate, because it uses the Session API to access the database. The MVC pattern doesn t say much about where the P for Persistence should go.

Sun. Code Conventions for the Java Programming Language. 2000. http://java.sun.com/docs/codeconv/ Sun. Java Native Interface. 2002. http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/docs/guide/jni/ Sun. Endorsed Standards Override Mechanism. 2002. http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/docs/guide/standards/ Sitepen. Using JavaScript with Ant. 2002. http://www.sitepen.com/ant/javascript.html Tomcat. Tomcat Manager How-To. 2002. http://jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-4.1-doc/manager-howto.html

Mixing data-access code with application logic violates the emphasis on separation of concerns. There are several reasons why you should consider hiding the Hibernate calls behind a facade, the so-called persistence layer: